Lecture in the Charles K. Wilkinson Lecture Series on ‘Feminizing the Landscape: The Female Form in the Ancient Near East, Egypt and the Islamic World’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, June 27, 2024
Par Frédéric Colin, Chaire Marc Bloch de l’USIAS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède
Abstract: Introduction by Diana Craig Patch, Lila Acheson Wallace Curator in Charge, Department of Egyptian Art, The Met.
This lecture presents the current state of research on the discovery of a group of coffins belonging to four or five women, buried in a secondary position in the fill of a ramp built by Thutmose III in western Thebes. The five coffins were buried in a single phase and directly covered with debris. Starting from the observation that this arrangement is unusual, the conference tries to answer two questions: what are these coffins doing in this strange context? Who are these people who deserve such an atypical burial, when at the same time they deserve such a beautiful burial?
To address the second question, the lecture discusses the interpretation of the inscriptions on the coffins, the study of the associated objects, and the study of the characteristics of the skeletons, in order to determine the sex, gender, and social status of the deceased. The study is based on an X-ray procedure carried out in situ using portable equipment.
The answer to the first question is based on the systematic 3D modelling of the stratigraphy, according to the principle of a ‘matrioshka doll’ pattern. This contextual analysis, combined with the results of excavations by Howard Carter and Ambrose Lansing (for the Metropolitan Museum) before and after the First World War, suggests that the coffins were moved to the ramp in an operation that was both opportunistic and respectful of past generations. Their new location gave them a front row seat to attend the ceremonies of the “Beautiful Festival of the Valley”, during which the boats of Amun, Mut and Khonsu were carried along the processional causeway.
In conclusion, the study shows that the decoration of the coffin of one of the deceased, Lady Ta-Abu, highlights women’s agency in funerary ritual in a highly original way. While different kinds of gender staging are attested in the decoration of female and male coffins from this period, the artist has entirely feminized the funerary scenes depicted on Lady Ta-Abu’s coffin.
Two details are particularly interesting: one could be a representation of a typical “grape offering”, in which children receive special attention under the guidance of adult women. The other detail reveals an instance of the same ritual event being documented in both 2D and 3D formats. The 2D representation is of the ideal scene, while the 3D objects are those that were actually left behind by the officiating women.
Cite this paper as: Frédéric Colin, « The Lady of Elephantine: Five Women Mysteriously Buried Under the Causeway of Thutmose III », Lecture in the Charles K. Wilkinson Lecture Series on ‘Feminizing the Landscape: The Female Form in the Ancient Near East, Egypt and the Islamic World’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, June 27, 2024, https://clae.hypotheses.org/4019, consulté le XX/XX/XXXX.
Des sables de Bahariya aux ors de la cour de Thèbes : un parcours d’égyptologie interdisciplinaire
Par Frédéric Colin, Chaire Marc Bloch de l’USIAS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède
Abstract: With an introduction by David Le Breton, USIAS Chair of Anthropology of Contemporary Worlds.
An Egyptologist is traditionally thought of as a specialist in the ancient history of a chrono-cultural area defined by linguistic and cultural criteria: the Nile Valley and the bordering regions that were home to populations whose writing and language were documented for over 3,000 years, from the third millennium BC to the first millennium AD.
In theory, Egyptology is a synthetic discipline, involving archaeology (studying objects and structures discovered on excavation sites), philology (editing ancient texts), history (combining archaeological and textual sources to answer historical questions) and other fields from social sciences and humanities that can shed light on the dynamics of societies. In reality, researchers and institutions tend to specialise in one of these sub-fields. From an epistemological point of view, this specialisation is a spontaneous phenomenon that may be required to advance increasingly sophisticated knowledge. However, it also generates reassuring internal and external disciplinary boundaries, which owe more to contingent traditions of teaching than to the objective needs of advancing knowledge.
The lecture will include several examples to illustrate the value of scientific wandering that often overpasses artificial borders, provided that one dares to take a temporarily naive look at a well-known problem, which can generate unexpected creativity.
It will also emphasize the usefulness of developing first-hand experimental techniques and skills to which we do not always pay the greatest attention in the humanities because of an affinity for theory and idea-driven knowledge. From this perspective, testing and improving archaeological applications of digital photogrammetry in the Egyptian collection of the University of Strasbourg and on the excavation site of the Assasif proved fundamental to be able to capitalise on an important chance discovery in 2018, 2019 and 2021. The photogrammetric method that was systematically used to document the excavation, both for the stratigraphy and for the objects, provided valid support for the contextual interpretation of the finding. Without this flexible, accurate and rapid tool, the highly unstructured context from which the five 3,500-year-old coffins came would have made real-time data recording and post-excavation interpretation extremely difficult. This method has also allowed the rigorous recording of a “crime scene” that attests to acts of vandalism against funerary monuments in Pharaonic antiquity, of which modern and recent examples in the context of the antiquities market are much better known.
Cite this paper as: Frédéric Colin, « Des sables de Bahariya aux ors de la cour de Thèbes : un parcours d’égyptologie interdisciplinaire », Leçon inaugurale de la Chaire Marc Bloch de l’USIAS, 1er juin 2023, https://clae.hypotheses.org/3989, consulté le XX/XX/XXXX.
Par Frédéric Colin et Cassandre Hartenstein, USIAS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède
Abstract: Report on the results of a back-and-forth experiment between an archaeological excavation in Luxor and the University of Strasbourg’s Egyptological collection, aimed at adapting digital photogrammetry methods to the purposes of archaeology. How can we document unearthed artifacts and the archaeological contexts in which they were found, how can we use 3D models for heuristics and as probative evidence, how can we archive them permanently, and how can we disseminate them via sharing platforms and online publications? How can we make the most of a new communication tool whose three-dimensional deployment challenges the traditional conception of scientific publishing, while we generally continue to design the latter in two dimensions following in the footsteps of its historical ancestors, the volumen and the codex?
Cite this paper as: Frédéric Colin, Cassandre Hartenstein, « Modélisation 3D de contextes et d’artefacts sur le terrain et en collection égyptologique », in Journée Éveille (exploration et valorisation électroniques des corpus en Sciences Humaines et Sociales) Numesthésie. L’écran pour saisir le sensible ?, animée par A. Réach-Ngô, M. Parra et B. Roux, Bibliothèque Nationale et Universitaire de Strasbourg, 13 janvier 2023, https://clae.hypotheses.org/3965, consulté le XX/XX/XXXX.
Par Frédéric Colin, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède, Fellow USIAS
Abstract: This paper reports on experiments in digital archaeology and epigraphy focused on stamped mudbricks discovered in al-Asasif in 2019 and 2021. It is intended both as a progress report on the project “Digital Archaeology in a Monumental Necropolis in Thebes, Egypt” sponsored by the University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study and as a complement to the article “Un édifice au nom du roi Héqataoui (Ahmosé Ier) dans la nécropole thébaine” published in Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 30/1 (Colin 2021).
As a first objective, it will attempt to improve the methodology of the epigraphist by exploring the heuristic power of digital photogrammetry, a technical innovation whose potential is not yet fully explored. The main challenge is to reinforce the “falsifiability” (in Karl Popper’s sense) of the editor’s demonstration, and thus make the reader less dependent on subjective facsimiles produced in the field. A fast “digital squeezing” method was tested under real fieldwork conditions on prints typical of stamped clay materials. The “field survey” and “artifact survey” methods are described, as well as the building of models, the means of storage and publication, and most importantly, the heuristic tools used to highlight the inscribed micro-topography in order to decipher and edit the text, such as the QGIS software well-known to geographers and archaeologists. Counter-intuitively to anyone trained in 20th century methods (like the author), these tools allow for better viewing of details than the autopsy of the original would. The paper squeeze method used by Johannes Dümichen in the 19th century is also discussed on the basis of a specimen preserved at the University of Strasbourg, in order to place the experimentation into perspective and show that it responds to a methodological and practical preoccupation that was already of concern to the founders of our sciences. In the same vein, an unpublished request from 1892 preserved in the archives of the Kuratorium of the University of Strasbourg illustrates an early interest in photogrammetry among German art historians. At that time, this technique remained the exclusive domain of a specialized institute, the Meßbildanstalt. This methodological barrier has now been overcome, since the digitization and automation of photogrammetry has made it easily usable by all archaeologists and epigraphers in the field.
The second goal of this article is to confirm or refute the remaining uncertainties regarding the edition of the stamp of King Heqatawi, identified as Ahmose I. The tools for highlighting the micro-topography demonstrated that the inscriptions under study originate from the same stamp, despite the irregularities of the support and the prints that complicate the process of comparison. They also confirmed the presence of cord prints featuring the opening of a cartouche on the two examined specimens, an important conclusion for the royal status of the character named on the bricks. The most significant achievement resulted from 3D modeling’s ability to harmonize the philological and archaeological perspectives by encouraging a joint investigation of both approaches. In this case, it was possible not only to identify a common stamp on the two investigated bricks, but also to establish that the same workman had molded them both. In other words, to identify a brickmaker’s “industrious hand” in the same way that a paleographer identifies a scribe’s “writing hand”. The study thus enabled us to draw up a biography of artifacts from their production to their ultimate destination at the end of a sequence of uses. Finally, this online article is in itself a test of innovative publication of digital objects in 2, 3 or even 4 dimensions – since speech, movement and time are involved in the figures.
Je dédie affectueusement ces exercices d’épigraphie numérique à ma directrice de thèse Marie-Thérèse Raepsaet-Charlier et à la mémoire de mon professeur Albert Deman, en me remémorant l’examen d’épigraphie latine, dans la Steinhalle du Landesmuseum à Mayence, où nous expérimentions la chorégraphie incidente de la lampe de poche.
Et à mon amie Valérie Vander Osieren, pour sa discrétion sur mon état au lendemain de la fête, pendant la visite du limes.
La campagne de fouille 2019 de la mission archéologique de l’Ifao et de l’Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7044 Archimède) dans l’Assassif a mis au jour, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de Padiamenopé, neuf briques crues estampillées au nom d’un roi Héqataoui. Ces adobes, de module comparable, étaient remployées comme matériaux bruts dans des structures vernaculaires, qui étayaient les remblais accumulés pour construire une rampe, sur le passage de la chaussée processionnelle menant au temple de Thoutmosis III à Deir el-Bahari (Djeser-akhet). Ces résultats ont été présentés dans un article paru en 2021 dans Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 30/1, où Ahmosé Ier est identifié comme le commanditaire de ces briques, dont la découverte dans la nécropole thébaine constitue un jalon important pour la localisation du lieu d’inhumation originel du fondateur de la XVIIIe dynastie1.
Lors de la campagne de 2021, deux exemplaires complets, dont une dixième pièce révélée par la progression de la fouille (AS-2021-1050-01)2, ont été prélevés en vue de protéger ces documents historiques fragiles et pour mener une expérimentation d’épigraphie photogrammétrique en laboratoire de terrain.
Le présent article livre les résultats de ces expériences, en poursuivant un double objectif.
I. Améliorer la méthodologie de l’épigraphiste en explorant le potentiel heuristique d’une innovation technique. Alors qu’à partir du Nouvel Empire3, divers sites ont livré de nombreuses briques crues estampillées, la proportion de pièces publiées est faible et de qualité parfois médiocre. Les adobes, probablement perçues comme des matériaux frustes par rapport à des artefacts jugés plus nobles par les fouilleurs, n’ont généralement pas fait l’objet de la première attention4, quand la difficulté de déchiffrement inhérente à l’épigraphie sur supports plastiques et sensibles à l’érosion ne les a pas tout simplement découragés.
Par conséquent, pour ce type d’objets encore plus que pour d’autres, le spécialiste regrette souvent de ne pas bénéficier d’une documentation qui permette de réfuter (au sens poppérien) l’interprétation de l’éditeur grâce à des données objectives et facilement réutilisables5.
À la recherche de solutions nouvelles pour améliorer la réponse au devoir de publication du fouilleur, une méthode d’estampage numérique rapide a été testée dans des conditions réelles de terrain, c’est-à-dire le jour de la fermeture du chantier, à quelques minutes du conditionnement final du mobilier, avec des limites de temps d’action, d’équipement et d’aménagement plus contraignantes que dans un studio de ville.
Pour renforcer l’intérêt de la démarche, l’exercice a été pratiqué sur des objets à grande valeur patrimoniale et historique, puisque ces adobes estampillées démontrent pour la première fois une activité édilitaire d’Ahmosé Ier dans la nécropole royale de Thèbes. Après avoir été employées dans un monument de la nécropole, puis démontées, transportées et remployées quelques décennies plus tard dans un nouveau chantier, ces briques matériellement vulnérables et leurs inscriptions imparfaitement imprimées sont de véritables miraculées épigraphiques.
Un sort longtemps réservé à l’architecture en briques en général, par opposition aux monuments de pierre, Spencer 1979, p. 1. On signalera un projet en cours (2021-2024), motivé notamment par le même diagnostic : « Nile’s Earth. Étude et conservation de l’architecture de terre de l’ancienne vallée du Nil », https://nilesearth.hypotheses.org/le-projet. [↩]
Voir par exemple les transcriptions et restitutions différentes d’une même empreinte par Lepsius et Quibell, dans Spencer 1979, p. 155, ou encore une estampille attribuée à Padiamenopé (TT 33), mais non éditée, dans Eigner 1984, p. 77. [↩]
