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Quand Thoutmosis III et Padiamenopé rencontrent le Moyen Empire : paddle dolls neutralisées et modélisation en 5D (espace – temps – typologie)

Par Frédéric Colin, Chaire Marc Bloch de l’USIAS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède

Abstract: This paper reports on experiments in digital archaeology focused on two fragments of so-called ‘paddle doll’ figurines dating from the Middle Kingdom but discovered in 2023 in a 7th century BC context in al-Asasif. It is intended both as a progress report on the project “Digital Archaeology in a Monumental Necropolis in Thebes, Egypt”, sponsored by the University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study, and as a supplement to the report “Assassif (2023). Le mur de Thoutmosis III et les ateliers de Padiamenopé”, published in BAEFE 2024 (Colin & Hartenstein et alii 2024).

The first objective is to propose a new method of 5D modelling to provide a solution to two classic difficulties encountered in stratigraphic excavations and their publication protocols.

    1. Archaeological digging is a destructive procedure where the observer erases data in the same process as he records it.
    2. The formal conventions of chronostratigraphic synthesis imagined by Edward C. Harris (1979) based on his experience of excavating settlement contexts known for their complex stratigraphy are in fact a highly abstract tool. Indeed, the disembodiment and decoupling of the so-called ‘Harris matrix’ from other documentary evidence makes it difficult for the reader to ‘falsify’ (in an epistemological sense) the archaeologist’s interpretation.

The first three dimensions of the 5D model provide a tangible image of the strata that the excavator destroyed as he progressed. The fourth dimension links the ‘Harris matrix’ directly to the corresponding stratigraphic layers, reconnecting it to the rest of the visual documentation of the site and allowing the reader to empirically assimilate and possibly refute the chronological and spatial framework established by the archaeologist. Finally, the fifth dimension offers the possibility of integrating an additional level of typological interpretation in the same virtual space.

The second aim of this article is to present two new examples of female figurines known as ‘paddle dolls’ and to discuss the outcomes and views of a number of important publications that have appeared in the first decades of the twenty-first century. Among others, we will review interesting studies by Morris 2011 & 2017, Díaz Hernández 2017, and Moreno García 2017, whose interpretations of the image we will consider based on a method that distinguishes three different levels of analysis.

    1. The denotative level: what do the signs that make up the figurines literally represent?
    2. The connotative level: what semantic cluster do these signs belong to in the minds of the Egyptians?
    3. The pragmatic level of interpretation, which aims to analyze the specific situation in which the artist has placed his composition of signs to make it perform a particular function, either predicative (to commemorate or convey information about something) or performative (to actualize an ontological assertion, a status, a situation or an action). What specific meaning does he ascribe to them in a given context of use?

The context in which the two new examples were discovered merely confirms the importance of this type of artefact in the funerary culture of the Theban elite in the entourage of Montuhotep II, without providing any new clues as to the meaning of these objects. On the other hand, the stratigraphic modelling of the archaeological context highlighted the long journey of these objects between their first deposit in a tomb at the beginning of the Middle Kingdom and their successive removals by Thutmose III’s and then Padiamenope’s workmen. The material condition of the two pieces indicates that they were deliberately broken by people working in the necropolis at some point in this artifact biography. We can therefore add this find to the collection of ‘broken images’, which has also been the subject of considerable bibliographical production in recent years.

Pour citer cet article : Frédéric Colin, « Quand Thoutmosis III et Padiamenopé rencontrent le Moyen Empire : paddle dolls neutralisées et modélisation en 5D (espace – temps – typologie) », Carnet de labora­toire en archéologie égyptienne, 25/08/2024, https://clae.hypotheses.org/4084, consulté le xx/xx/xxxx.

Sommaire

The figures in this article are permanently stored on nakala and freely available in full resolution by following this link: https://nakala.fr/collection/10.34847/nkl.538db3t5.

1. Introduction

À la suite d’un essai d’épigraphie numérique publié dans une livraison précédente de ce Carnet de laboratoire 1, la présente contribution prolonge la démarche expérimentale en se focalisant, cette fois, sur la construction d’un espace virtuel de synthèse (fig. 1) en aval des opérations de relevé systématique sur le terrain. Ce dispositif permettra de visualiser l’évolution spatiotemporelle d’un contexte archéologique stratifié en combinant dans un univers commun une séquence signifiante de modèles 3D issus de la photogrammétrie (field surveys)2.

Figure 1. Maquette de synthèse en 5D intitulée « Middle Kingdom Artifacts Dumped by Padiamenope’s Workmen, Synthesis », partagée sur Sketchfab, https://skfb.ly/oUYXS. Le chargement du modèle prend quelques secondes. Relevés et modélisation Fr. Colin, 2024a. Topographie C. Hartenstein. Identifiant et stockage pérennes : https://nakala.fr/10.34847/nkl.0a30191t#9736b9d13616d82b47df746f946d4d56513ea6af.
 
  1. Colin 31/07/2022. []
  2. Ibid. § 14. []

The Lady of Elephantine: Five Women Mysteriously Buried under the Causeway of Thutmose III

Lecture in the Charles K. Wilkinson Lecture Series on ‘Feminizing the Landscape: The Female Form in the Ancient Near East, Egypt and the Islamic World’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, June 27, 2024

Par Frédéric Colin, Chaire Marc Bloch de l’USIAS, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède

Abstract: Introduction by Diana Craig Patch, Lila Acheson Wallace Curator in Charge, Department of Egyptian Art, The Met.

  This lecture presents the current state of research on the discovery of a group of coffins belonging to four or five women, buried in a secondary position in the fill of a ramp built by Thutmose III in western Thebes. The five coffins were buried in a single phase and directly covered with debris. Starting from the observation that this arrangement is unusual, the conference tries to answer two questions: what are these coffins doing in this strange context? Who are these people who deserve such an atypical burial, when at the same time they deserve such a beautiful burial?

  To address the second question, the lecture discusses the interpretation of the inscriptions on the coffins, the study of the associated objects, and the study of the characteristics of the skeletons, in order to determine the sex, gender, and social status of the deceased. The study is based on an X-ray procedure carried out in situ using portable equipment.

  The answer to the first question is based on the systematic 3D modelling of the stratigraphy, according to the principle of a ‘matrioshka doll’ pattern. This contextual analysis, combined with the results of excavations by Howard Carter and Ambrose Lansing (for the Metropolitan Museum) before and after the First World War, suggests that the coffins were moved to the ramp in an operation that was both opportunistic and respectful of past generations. Their new location gave them a front row seat to attend the ceremonies of the “Beautiful Festival of the Valley”, during which the boats of Amun, Mut and Khonsu were carried along the processional causeway.

  In conclusion, the study shows that the decoration of the coffin of one of the deceased, Lady Ta-Abu, highlights women’s agency in funerary ritual in a highly original way. While different kinds of gender staging are attested in the decoration of female and male coffins from this period, the artist has entirely feminized the funerary scenes depicted on Lady Ta-Abu’s coffin.

  Two details are particularly interesting: one could be a representation of a typical “grape offering”, in which children receive special attention under the guidance of adult women. The other detail reveals an instance of the same ritual event being documented in both 2D and 3D formats. The 2D representation is of the ideal scene, while the 3D objects are those that were actually left behind by the officiating women.

Cite this paper as: Frédéric Colin, « The Lady of Elephantine: Five Women Mysteriously Buried Under the Causeway of Thutmose III », Lecture in the Charles K. Wilkinson Lecture Series on ‘Feminizing the Landscape: The Female Form in the Ancient Near East, Egypt and the Islamic World’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, June 27, 2024, https://clae.hypotheses.org/4019, consulté le XX/XX/XXXX.

L’empreinte du roi Ahmosé Ier à Thèbes Expérimentation d’épigraphie numérique sur matériaux argileux

Par Frédéric Colin, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède, Fellow USIAS

Abstract: This paper reports on experiments in digital archaeology and epigraphy focused on stamped mudbricks discovered in al-Asasif in 2019 and 2021. It is intended both as a progress report on the project “Digital Archaeology in a Monumental Necropolis in Thebes, Egypt” sponsored by the University of Strasbourg Institute for Advanced Study and as a complement to the article “Un édifice au nom du roi Héqataoui (Ahmosé Ier) dans la nécropole thébaine” published in Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 30/1 (Colin 2021).

As a first objective, it will attempt to improve the methodology of the epigraphist by exploring the heuristic power of digital photogrammetry, a technical innovation whose potential is not yet fully explored. The main challenge is to reinforce the “falsifiability” (in Karl Popper’s sense) of the editor’s demonstration, and thus make the reader less dependent on subjective facsimiles produced in the field. A fast “digital squeezing” method was tested under real fieldwork conditions on prints typical of stamped clay materials. The “field survey” and “artifact survey” methods are described, as well as the building of models, the means of storage and publication, and most importantly, the heuristic tools used to highlight the inscribed micro-topography in order to decipher and edit the text, such as the QGIS software well-known to geographers and archaeologists. Counter-intuitively to anyone trained in 20th century methods (like the author), these tools allow for better viewing of details than the autopsy of the original would. The paper squeeze method used by Johannes Dümichen in the 19th century is also discussed on the basis of a specimen preserved at the University of Strasbourg, in order to place the experimentation into perspective and show that it responds to a methodological and practical preoccupation that was already of concern to the founders of our sciences. In the same vein, an unpublished request from 1892 preserved in the archives of the Kuratorium of the University of Strasbourg illustrates an early interest in photogrammetry among German art historians. At that time, this technique remained the exclusive domain of a specialized institute, the Meßbildanstalt. This methodological barrier has now been overcome, since the digitization and automation of photogrammetry has made it easily usable by all archaeologists and epigraphers in the field.

The second goal of this article is to confirm or refute the remaining uncertainties regarding the edition of the stamp of King Heqatawi, identified as Ahmose I. The tools for highlighting the micro-topography demonstrated that the inscriptions under study originate from the same stamp, despite the irregularities of the support and the prints that complicate the process of comparison. They also confirmed the presence of cord prints featuring the opening of a cartouche on the two examined specimens, an important conclusion for the royal status of the character named on the bricks. The most significant achievement resulted from 3D modeling’s ability to harmonize the philological and archaeological perspectives by encouraging a joint investigation of both approaches. In this case, it was possible not only to identify a common stamp on the two investigated bricks, but also to establish that the same workman had molded them both. In other words, to identify a brickmaker’s “industrious hand” in the same way that a paleographer identifies a scribe’s “writing hand”. The study thus enabled us to draw up a biography of artifacts from their production to their ultimate destination at the end of a sequence of uses. Finally, this online article is in itself a test of innovative publication of digital objects in 2, 3 or even 4 dimensions – since speech, movement and time are involved in the figures.

Je dédie affectueusement ces exercices d’épigraphie numérique à ma directrice de thèse Marie-Thérèse Raepsaet-Charlier et à la mémoire de mon professeur Albert Deman, en me remémorant l’examen d’épigraphie latine, dans la Steinhalle du Landesmuseum à Mayence, où nous expérimentions la chorégraphie incidente de la lampe de poche.

Et à mon amie Valérie Vander Osieren, pour sa discrétion sur mon état au lendemain de la fête, pendant la visite du limes.

 

Sommaire

The figures in this article are permanently stored on nakala and freely available in full resolution by following this link: https://nakala.fr/u/collections/10.34847/nkl.42ff4hrc.

Pdf : Colin_2022_Empreinte_du_roi_Ahmose_2

Introduction

 

La campagne de fouille 2019 de la mission archéologique de l’Ifao et de l’Université de Strasbourg (UMR 7044 Archimède) dans l’Assassif a mis au jour, à l’intérieur de l’enceinte de Padiamenopé, neuf briques crues estampillées au nom d’un roi Héqataoui. Ces adobes, de module comparable, étaient remployées comme matériaux bruts dans des structures vernaculaires, qui étayaient les remblais accumulés pour construire une rampe, sur le passage de la chaussée processionnelle menant au temple de Thoutmosis III à Deir el-Bahari (Djeser-akhet). Ces résultats ont été présentés dans un article paru en 2021 dans Polish Archaeology in the Mediterranean 30/1, où Ahmosé Ier est identifié comme le commanditaire de ces briques, dont la découverte dans la nécropole thébaine constitue un jalon important pour la localisation du lieu d’inhumation originel du fondateur de la XVIIIe dynastie1.

  1. Lors de la campagne de 2021, deux exemplaires complets, dont une dixième pièce révélée par la progression de la fouille (AS-2021-1050-01)2, ont été prélevés en vue de protéger ces documents historiques fragiles et pour mener une expéri­mentation d’épigraphie photogrammétrique en laboratoire de terrain.
  1. Le présent article livre les résultats de ces expériences, en poursuivant un double objectif.

I. Améliorer la méthodologie de l’épigraphiste en explorant le potentiel heuristique d’une innovation technique. Alors qu’à partir du Nouvel Empire3, divers sites ont livré de nombreuses briques crues estampillées, la proportion de pièces publiées est faible et de qualité parfois médiocre. Les adobes, probablement perçues comme des matériaux frustes par rapport à des artefacts jugés plus nobles par les fouilleurs, n’ont généralement pas fait l’objet de la première attention4, quand la difficulté de déchiffrement inhérente à l’épigraphie sur supports plastiques et sensibles à l’érosion ne les a pas tout simplement découragés.

  1. Par conséquent, pour ce type d’objets encore plus que pour d’autres, le spécialiste regrette souvent de ne pas bénéficier d’une documentation qui permette de réfuter (au sens poppérien) l’interprétation de l’éditeur grâce à des données objectives et facilement réutilisables5.
  1. À la recherche de solutions nouvelles pour améliorer la réponse au devoir de publication du fouilleur, une méthode d’estampage numérique rapide a été testée dans des conditions réelles de terrain, c’est-à-dire le jour de la fermeture du chantier, à quelques minutes du conditionnement final du mobilier, avec des limites de temps d’action, d’équipement et d’aménagement plus contraignantes que dans un studio de ville.
  1. Pour renforcer l’intérêt de la démarche, l’exercice a été pratiqué sur des objets à grande valeur patrimoniale et historique, puisque ces adobes estampillées démontrent pour la première fois une activité édilitaire d’Ahmosé Ier dans la nécropole royale de Thèbes. Après avoir été employées dans un monument de la nécropole, puis démontées, transportées et remployées quelques décennies plus tard dans un nouveau chantier, ces briques matériellement vulnérables et leurs inscriptions imparfaitement imprimées sont de véritables miraculées épigraphiques.
Figure 1 : Fragments de briques estampillées AS-2019-1068-03 et 04 en place dans la hague 1068 + 1262. Avant (A) et après (B) retrait du mortier de terre. Clichés Fr. Colin et S. Nannucci.
Identifiant et stockage pérennes : https://api.nakala.fr/embed/10.34847/nkl.2e9aj9j6/8b6f2d715acead7fde13947ba4c338b5df79480c.

Continuer la lecture de « L’empreinte du roi Ahmosé Ier à Thèbes Expérimentation d’épigraphie numérique sur matériaux argileux »

  1. Colin 2021. []
  2. Colin et alii 2022. []
  3. Colin 28/08/2021, § 34, note 21. []
  4. Un sort longtemps réservé à l’architecture en briques en général, par opposition aux monuments de pierre, Spencer 1979, p. 1. On signalera un projet en cours (2021-2024), motivé notamment par le même diagnostic : « Nile’s Earth. Étude et conservation de l’architecture de terre de l’ancienne vallée du Nil », https://nilesearth.hypotheses.org/le-projet. []
  5. Voir par exemple les transcriptions et restitutions différentes d’une même empreinte par Lepsius et Quibell, dans Spencer 1979, p. 155, ou encore une estampille attribuée à Padiamenopé (TT 33), mais non éditée, dans Eigner 1984, p. 77. []

Early 18th Dynasty Burials at Al-Asasif, Luxor (Field Seasons 2017-2019, MoTA, Ifao, University of Strasbourg)

By Frédéric Colin, Université de StrasbourgCNRS, UMR 7044 Archimède, Fellow USIAS

with the collaboration of Eweis Abdel Rady (MoTA), Yunis Ahmed (IFAO, Cairo), Nerea Bernabeu (Strasbourg Univ.), Sonia Brahimi (Strasbourg Univ.), Garance Clapuyt (Brussels Univ. & Strasbourg Univ.), Jean-Philippe Droux (Strasbourg Univ.), Christian Dupuis (Mons Univ.), Bruno Gavazzi (Strasbourg Univ.), Eman Hagag (MoTA), Cassandre Hartenstein (Strasbourg Univ.), Ayman Hussein (IFAO, Cairo), Khalid S. Essa (Cairo University), Sylvie Marchand (IFAO Cairo), Filippo Mi (Strasbourg Univ.), Sayed Mohamed Abd el-Rahim (raïs, Luxor), Sayed Mohamed Ahmed (MoTA), Simone Nannucci (Strasbourg Univ.), Sayed Mohamed el-Qurany (MoTA), Olivier Onézime (IFAO, Cairo), Anita Quiles (IFAO, Cairo), Asmaa Sayed (MoTA), Héloïse Smets (Strasbourg Univ.)

Abstract: Paper about the discovery in Al-Asasif, in 2017-2018, of a secondary cemetery installed in a construction earthwork of the causeway leading to the temple of Thutmose III, in Dayr al-Bahri. The assemblage of funerary objects and the decoration of one of the sarcophagi provide complementary evidence of the pattern of offerings by the participants in the funeral, all of whom are female except for one young boy.

Cite this paper as: Frédéric Colin et alii, “Early 18th Dynasty Burials at Al-Asasif, Luxor (Field Seasons 2017-2019, MoTA, Ifao, University of Strasbourg)”, paper at the workshop “Upper Egypt: The Last Five Years of Archaeological Discovery”, organized by Luxor University, September 6, 2020, https://clae.hypotheses.org/860, accessed XX/XX/XXXX.

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